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Related Concept Videos

Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina00:55

Laminins are the Adhesive Proteins of Basal Lamina

Laminins are heterotrimeric proteins with high molecular mass found in the extracellular matrix. Each laminin molecule is composed of three chains, viz. alpha, beta, and gamma, coded by five, four, and three paralogous genes, respectively. Laminins are categories based on the compositions of the three chains.
In humans, the five forms of alpha chains are LAMA 1, LAMA 2, LAMA 3, LAMA 4, and LAMA 5. The four forms of beta chains are LAMB 1, LAMB 2, LAMB 3, and LAMB 4. The three forms of gamma...
Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments01:35

Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
Keratin proteins, found at the cell periphery near cell junctions, undergo a cycle of assembly and disassembly. In Type...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...

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Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence
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Published on: January 17, 2025

Nuclear lamin functions and disease.

Veronika Butin-Israeli1, Stephen A Adam, Anne E Goldman

  • 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. v-butin-israeli@northwestern.edu

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Lamins, nuclear structural proteins, are crucial for normal development and preventing premature aging. Their dysfunction is linked to diseases like cancer, offering new diagnostic and intervention targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Lamins are type V intermediate filament proteins essential for nuclear structure.
  • They play critical roles in normal organ development and cellular senescence.
  • Lamin dysfunction is implicated in various diseases, including premature aging syndromes and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on lamin functions in cellular processes.
  • To emphasize the link between lamins and diseases such as premature aging and cancer.
  • To highlight novel diagnostic and intervention targets arising from lamin research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on lamins.
  • Focus on data from human and mouse models.
  • Analysis of lamin structure and function in normal and diseased cells.

Main Results:

  • Lamins are vital for normal organ development and function.
  • Lamin abnormalities are associated with premature cellular senescence.
  • Dysfunctional lamins are linked to diseases including cancer and aging.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding lamin function is key to comprehending cellular processes.
  • Lamin research provides new avenues for diagnosing and treating diseases.
  • Further insights into A- and B-type lamins offer therapeutic potential.