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Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis. Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...

Meiosis I

Meiosis I

Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Published on: August 4, 2021

Genetics of early miscarriage.

Merel M J van den Berg¹, Merel C van Maarle, Madelon van Wely

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.m.bergvanden@amc.uva.nl

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta

|July 17, 2012

Summary

Chromosomal abnormalities are found in approximately half of miscarriage samples. Advanced techniques like array-comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) can detect additional submicroscopic genetic variants, aiding in miscarriage investigations.

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Chromosome Screening of Human Preimplantation Embryos by Using Spent Culture Medium: Sample Collection and Chromosomal Ploidy Analysis

Chromosome Screening of Human Preimplantation Embryos by Using Spent Culture Medium: Sample Collection and Chromosomal Ploidy Analysis

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Published on: August 4, 2021

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Published on: April 10, 2018

Chromosome Screening of Human Preimplantation Embryos by Using Spent Culture Medium: Sample Collection and Chromosomal Ploidy Analysis

Chromosome Screening of Human Preimplantation Embryos by Using Spent Culture Medium: Sample Collection and Chromosomal Ploidy Analysis

Published on: September 7, 2021

Area of Science:

Reproductive genetics
Clinical genetics
Pregnancy complications

Background:

Miscarriage is a common pregnancy complication.
Conventional karyotyping for miscarriage analysis faces limitations like poor chromosome preparation and culture failure.
Advanced molecular techniques offer improved detection of chromosomal abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in sporadic and recurrent miscarriages.
To compare the diagnostic yield of various cytogenetic and molecular techniques.
To assess the role of molecular techniques in detecting submicroscopic abnormalities.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of studies on miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities.
Analysis of data from conventional karyotyping, FISH, MLPA, QF-PCR, chromosomal-CGH, and array-CGH.
Meta-analysis of prevalence rates and diagnostic performance of different methods.

Main Results:

The prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in sporadic miscarriage is 45% and in recurrent miscarriage is 39%.
Conventional karyotyping detects more abnormalities than FISH or MLPA alone, but comparable to QF-PCR, chromosomal-CGH, and array-CGH.
Molecular techniques like array-CGH can identify an additional 5% of submicroscopic chromosomal variants.

Conclusions:

Chromosomal and submicroscopic genetic abnormalities are present in approximately half of miscarriage samples.
Molecular techniques are valuable additions, especially when conventional methods fail or for detecting submicroscopic variants.
Larger studies are needed to clarify the clinical relevance of submicroscopic abnormalities in miscarriages.