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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway01:17

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway

Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
The Unfolded Protein Response01:37

The Unfolded Protein Response

The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, a small proportion of misfolded proteins that cannot be salvaged need to be transported to the cytoplasm by the ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathways. However, if the ERAD cannot handle the misfolded proteins, the cell activates the unfolded protein response or UPR to adjust the protein folding...
Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Other Stress Responses in Bacteria01:30

Other Stress Responses in Bacteria

Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication
10:12

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication

Published on: June 14, 2024

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation.

Timon-Eric Adolph1, Lukas Niederreiter, Richard S Blumberg

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.

Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR). Dysregulation of the UPR, particularly the IRE1/XBP1 pathway, contributes to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis in the gut.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication
10:12

Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication

Published on: June 14, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress from misfolded proteins activates the unfolded protein response (UPR).
  • The IRE1/XBP1 pathway is a conserved UPR effector crucial for intestinal epithelial function.
  • Genetic factors like XBP1, ORMDL3, AGR2, and MUC19 are linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ER stress and UPR in intestinal inflammation, specifically IBD.
  • To explore the functional consequences of XBP1 deficiency in intestinal epithelial cells.
  • To understand the interplay between ER stress, host-microbe interactions, and inflammation in IBD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Xbp1(Δ)(IEC) mice lacking Xbp1 in intestinal epithelial cells.
  • Analyzed Agr2(-/-) mice to study ER stress-related ileocolitis.
  • Examined Paneth cell function, host-microbe interactions, and inflammatory pathways in mouse models.
  • Assessed ER stress markers in intestinal biopsies from IBD patients.

Main Results:

  • Xbp1(Δ)(IEC) mice developed spontaneous enteritis with crypt abscesses, mimicking human IBD.
  • Agr2(-/-) mice exhibited granulomatous ileocolitis.
  • Xbp1 deficiency impacted Paneth cells, altered host-microbe dynamics, and activated pro-inflammatory pathways.
  • IBD patients frequently showed significant ER stress in intestinal epithelium, independent of known genetic risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • Unresolved ER stress and impaired XBP1 function contribute to intestinal inflammation and IBD.
  • ER stress may initiate and perpetuate intestinal inflammation in IBD.
  • The findings highlight ER stress as a central mechanism in IBD pathogenesis.