Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Somatic mutation landscape revealed by non-invasive iPSC derivation from urine cells.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

DNA copy number patterns reveal prognostic markers and elucidate mechanisms of evolution in IDH-mutant astrocytoma.

Neuro-oncology·2026
Same author

Assessing the effectiveness of the one paleopathology workshop.

Evolution, medicine, and public health·2026
Same author

<i>CRYPTID-exon</i>: streamlined detection of cryptic exons from RNA-seq data.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Karyotypic Profiling of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from a Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C Patient.

Cells·2025
Same author

Interphase chromosome conformation is specified by distinct folding programmes inherited through mitotic chromosomes or the cytoplasm.

Nature cell biology·2025
Same journal

The TaMYB55-TaSnRK1α1-TabZIP9 module confers heat stress tolerance in wheat.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Superstatistics approach to turbulent circulation fluctuations.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

A molecular timescale for evolution of cobamide biosynthesis.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Pierre Chambon, a pioneer of molecular biology and gene regulation in eukaryotes.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Granulosa cell glycogen fuels the avascular corpus luteum.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Synthetic essentiality of TRAIL/TNFSF10 in VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
08:19

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: December 19, 2011

Regulatory element copy number differences shape primate expression profiles.

Rebecca C Iskow1, Omer Gokcumen, Alexej Abyzov

  • 1Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Copy number differences (CNDs) in conserved sequences significantly impact gene expression, influencing species

More Related Videos

Massively Parallel Reporter Assays in Cultured Mammalian Cells
11:03

Massively Parallel Reporter Assays in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Published on: August 17, 2014

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue
17:38

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Published on: April 27, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
08:19

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: December 19, 2011

Massively Parallel Reporter Assays in Cultured Mammalian Cells
11:03

Massively Parallel Reporter Assays in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Published on: August 17, 2014

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue
17:38

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Published on: April 27, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression differences are crucial for phenotypic divergence between species.
  • Selective pressures shape these expression differences.
  • Copy number differences (CNDs) are a potential mechanism influencing gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify copy number differences (CNDs) in conserved sequences across three primate species.
  • To investigate the impact of these CNDs on gene expression profiles.
  • To explore the role of CNDs in evolutionary adaptation and phenotypic variation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics analysis of conserved sequences across three primate species.
  • Identification and quantification of copy number differences (CNDs).
  • Correlation analysis between CNDs and gene expression levels.

Main Results:

  • Identified 964 copy number differences (CNDs) in conserved sequences.
  • Found significantly different gene expression in samples with CNDs compared to those with neutral copy number.
  • Observed that genes encoding regulatory molecules were frequently affected by CNDs, leading to expression changes.
  • Discovered 127 CNDs corresponding to processed pseudogenes, some of which were expressed.
  • Identified CNDs in regulatory regions like ultraconserved elements and long noncoding RNAs.

Conclusions:

  • Copy number differences (CNDs) in conserved sequences, including regulatory elements and pseudogenes, can significantly alter gene expression.
  • These CNDs likely fine-tune developmental pathways by modulating RNA levels.
  • CNDs represent an important evolutionary mechanism contributing to phenotypic diversity between species.