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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions

A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of many...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection
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A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

Vitamin D and influenza.

Maria E Sundaram1, Laura A Coleman

  • 1Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA. sundaram.maria@marsheldclinic.org

Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)
|July 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin D plays a key role in immune response and may reduce influenza infection risk. Further research is needed to fill knowledge gaps regarding vitamin D supplementation and immunity.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Vitamin D is increasingly recognized for its extra-skeletal functions.
  • It influences inflammation and the immune system's response to infections.
  • Its role in immunity, particularly against influenza, warrants detailed examination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of vitamin D in the human immune response.
  • To explore the implications of vitamin D for influenza infection risk.
  • To synthesize current evidence on vitamin D and immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review encompassing molecular, genetic, in vitro, and animal model studies.
  • Analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials in humans.

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An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

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  • Identification of knowledge gaps in vitamin D and immune response research.

    • Main Results:

    • Evidence suggests vitamin D impacts both innate and adaptive immune responses to influenza.
    • Observational and interventional studies provide insights into vitamin D supplementation effects.
    • Molecular and genetic data support a link between vitamin D and immune function.

    Conclusions:

    • Vitamin D is integral to immune function and may modulate influenza susceptibility.
    • Further research is essential to clarify optimal vitamin D levels for immune health.
    • Addressing knowledge gaps will refine understanding of vitamin D's prophylactic potential.