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Angina I: Introduction

Angina I: Introduction

Definition and Symptoms: Angina (angina pectoris) is chest pain or discomfort caused by myocardial ischemia, which occurs when the heart muscle receives insufficient oxygen-rich blood. It typically manifests as pressing, squeezing, or crushing sensations in the chest and may radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.Primary Cause: In a healthy state, the coronary arteries can dilate (widen) to increase blood flow and meet the increased oxygen demand during physical activity or...

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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...

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Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is a chest pain resulting from diminished blood flow to the heart muscle and is often a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina presents several variants with distinctive attributes, etiologies, and therapeutic approaches. The main types of angina include stable, unstable, variant (Prinzmetal's), microvascular, intractable, and silent ischemia.Stable angina is caused by atherosclerosis, which leads to the formation of plaques that narrow the coronary...

Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment

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Angina manifests as chest pain, tightness, or squeezing discomfort typically located behind the breastbone. It can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulders, and inner aspects of the upper arms, most commonly the left arm. Patients may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, profuse sweating, dizziness, indigestion, heartburn, palpitations, anxiety, and vomiting as accompanying symptoms. This pain often lasts a few minutes and is triggered by physical exertion, emotional stress, heavy meals, or cold...

Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...

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Single coronary artery presenting as angina.

Zhan Yun Lim¹, Nimit Shah, Fouad Amin

¹Department of Cardiology, Wexham Park Hospital, Slough, Berkshire, UK. zhanyun_lim@yahoo.com

BMJ Case Reports

|July 17, 2012

Summary

This case study examines an unusual presentation of chest pain in an elderly woman. It highlights the importance of considering rare diagnoses in geriatric cardiology.

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Geriatric Medicine

Background:

Chest pain is a common symptom in emergency departments, particularly in the elderly.
Atypical presentations are frequent in older adults, posing diagnostic challenges.

Observation:

An 84-year-old Caucasian woman presented with an unusual constellation of symptoms attributed to chest pain.
The patient's specific clinical presentation deviated from typical myocardial infarction or other common cardiac etiologies.

Findings:

Diagnostic workup revealed an uncommon cause for the patient's chest pain, distinct from typical cardiovascular events.
Detailed analysis of the case identified specific clinical and diagnostic features leading to the unusual diagnosis.

Implications:

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This case underscores the need for a broad differential diagnosis in geriatric patients presenting with chest pain.

Recognizing atypical presentations is crucial for timely and accurate diagnosis in elderly individuals.

Such cases contribute to the understanding of rare causes of chest pain in the aging population.