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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
07:19

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Integrative structural modeling with small angle X-ray scattering profiles.

Dina Schneidman-Duhovny1, Seung Joong Kim, Andrej Sali

  • 1Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA. dina@salilab.org

BMC Structural Biology
|July 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-throughput Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) requires computational methods for structural modeling. This review covers SAXS integration for proteins, nucleic acids, and complexes, including theoretical profile computation and advanced modeling approaches.

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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
07:19

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Combining X-Ray Crystallography with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering to Model Unstructured Regions of Nsa1 from S. Cerevisiae
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Combining X-Ray Crystallography with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering to Model Unstructured Regions of Nsa1 from S. Cerevisiae

Published on: January 10, 2018

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Published on: March 2, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • High-throughput data collection for biological macromolecules using Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) is now feasible due to technological advancements.
  • There is a growing need for computational tools to effectively integrate SAXS data into structural modeling.
  • SAXS provides unique insights into the solution structure and dynamics of biological molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review computational methods for integrating Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) profiles into the structural modeling of biological macromolecules.
  • To cover the application of SAXS in modeling proteins, nucleic acids, and their complexes.
  • To discuss the role of SAXS in integrative structure modeling approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Presentation of methods for calculating theoretical SAXS profiles from known structures.
  • Overview of computational techniques for predicting protein structures and dynamics in solution.
  • Discussion of methods for modeling the assembly of macromolecular complexes.
  • Exploration of SAXS data integration within multi-data type structural modeling frameworks.

Main Results:

  • Established approaches for computing theoretical SAXS profiles from structural models.
  • A range of computational methods for predicting protein structure, solution dynamics, and complex assembly using SAXS.
  • Demonstration of SAXS's utility in integrative modeling, combining it with other experimental data types.

Conclusions:

  • Computational integration of SAXS data is crucial for advancing structural biology.
  • SAXS-based methods enable the modeling of diverse biological systems, from individual proteins to complex assemblies.
  • The review highlights the power of SAXS as a complementary technique in integrative structural biology.