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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Transposons01:24

Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Characterization and functional annotation of nested transposable elements in eukaryotic genomes.

Caihua Gao1, Meili Xiao, Xiaodong Ren

  • 1Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.

Genomics
|July 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) can insert into existing TEs, creating nested TEs in eukaryotic genomes. This study reveals repetitive sequences drive nested TE formation, impacting gene expression and genome regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences found in eukaryotic genomes.
  • The insertion of TEs into pre-existing TEs, known as nested TEs, is a common phenomenon.
  • Understanding nested TE characteristics is crucial for comprehending genome evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detect and analyze the characteristics and functions of nested TEs in eukaryotic genomes.
  • To investigate the genomic factors associated with the occurrence of nested TEs.
  • To explore the functional implications of nested TEs on host genes.

Main Methods:

  • Performed a general TE assessment using available genomic databases.
  • Detected and quantified nested TEs within a large dataset of eukaryotic TEs.
  • Analyzed the sequence characteristics and associated gene functions of nested TEs.

Main Results:

  • Identified 802 instances of TEs inserted into 690 host TEs among 11,329 total TEs analyzed.
  • Revealed that repetitive sequences are significantly associated with increased nested TE occurrence and biased insertion sites.
  • Found that genes associated with nested TEs frequently localize to organelles and are involved in nucleic acid/protein binding, metabolism, and transposition.

Conclusions:

  • Nested TEs may play a role in regulating genome expansion and influencing gene expression diversity.
  • Repetitive sequences are key drivers of nested TE formation, highlighting their importance in genome dynamics.
  • Nested TEs contribute to the functional repertoire of eukaryotic genomes, particularly in metabolic and regulatory pathways.