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Related Concept Videos

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
Physical Properties of Ethers02:17

Physical Properties of Ethers

Overview
An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
Ethers can act as hydrogen bond acceptors, making them more water-soluble than hydrocarbons, but since ethers cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, they are much less soluble in water than alcohols. Ethers are considered...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Water-induced ethanol dewetting transition.

Xiuping Ren1, Bo Zhou, Chunlei Wang

  • 1Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai, 201800, China.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|July 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Water molecules drive ethanol dewetting transitions between hydrophobic plates, acting like a phase transition. This occurs in ethanol-water mixtures but not pure ethanol, revealing water's crucial role.

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Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography
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Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography
10:11

Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

Published on: September 5, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Dewetting phenomena are critical in various industrial processes.
  • Understanding liquid-vapor phase transitions at interfaces is essential.
  • Hydrophobic interactions govern surface behavior in aqueous solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate dewetting transitions of hydrophobic plates in water-ethanol mixtures using molecular dynamics simulations.
  • To elucidate the role of water molecules in the dewetting process of ethanol solutions.
  • To analyze the intermolecular interactions influencing phase transitions at interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to model dewetting.
  • Systems studied included pure water, pure ethanol, and aqueous ethanol solutions (25%-90% concentration).
  • Analysis focused on inter-plate liquid behavior and phase transition analogies.

Main Results:

  • Dewetting transitions were observed in ethanol-water mixtures but not in pure ethanol.
  • Ethanol molecules preferentially adsorb to hydrophobic plates.
  • Water molecules in the inter-plate region form hydrogen bonds with ethanol, facilitating cooperative filling/emptying.

Conclusions:

  • Water molecules play a dominant role in inducing ethanol dewetting transitions.
  • Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between water and ethanol drives the phase transition.
  • The findings offer insights into water's influence on ethanol dewetting phenomena.