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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

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Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects
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Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Published on: May 31, 2024

Ocular toxicity from systemically administered xenobiotics.

Mitan R Gokulgandhi1, Aswani Dutt Vadlapudi, Ashim K Mitra

  • 1University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HSB 5258, 2464 Charlotte St, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
|July 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Systemic drugs can cause serious eye complications affecting vision. Understanding these drug-induced ocular toxicities is crucial for timely intervention and preventing permanent vision loss.

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Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs
10:02

Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs

Published on: July 23, 2016

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects
06:19

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Published on: May 31, 2024

Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs
10:02

Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs

Published on: July 23, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • The eye's blood-ocular barrier typically protects against systemic drugs.
  • Increasing reports highlight drug-induced ocular complications, risking permanent vision damage.
  • Up-to-date knowledge on these toxicities is vital for improved therapies and reduced side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent systemic drug-induced ocular complications.
  • To provide an updated overview of anterior and posterior segment eye issues caused by drugs.
  • To inform clinicians about potential irreversible drug toxicities and when to stop medication.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of ocular complications by anterior and posterior segments.
  • Detailed review of corneal, optic nerve, retinal, and vitreous complications.
  • Inclusion of recent findings on acute and chronic ocular issues and associated symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Systemic drug therapy is directly linked to ocular toxicities.
  • A wide range of ocular complications can arise from systemic medications.
  • Early recognition and management are key to mitigating vision impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Current literature confirms a direct link between systemic drugs and ocular toxicity.
  • Comprehensive documentation of these complications aids in understanding and predicting drug-induced eye problems.
  • Awareness of characteristic complications, irreversible toxicity potential, and cessation guidelines is essential for patient care.