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Related Concept Videos

Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Crystallographic point groups represent the various symmetry operations that can occur within crystals. They are unique in that at least one point will always remain unchanged during these actions. For instance, consider the triclinic system. This system, devoid of any axis or plane of symmetry, aligns with the C1 and Ci point groups.where Cᵢ is characterized solely by a center of inversion.Contrastingly, the monoclinic system introduces an element of symmetry. This system with one plane and...
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Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific requirements are not imposed on the...
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The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.

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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

Tetragonal allotrope of group 14 elements.

Zhisheng Zhao1, Fei Tian, Xiao Dong

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers computationally discovered a new tetragonal allotrope (T12) in Group 14 elements like carbon, silicon, and germanium. This sp(3) bonded structure explains previously unknown experimental phases and suggests a new synthesis route.

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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Group 14 elements (carbon, silicon, germanium) exhibit diverse stable and metastable allotropes with significant industrial applications.
  • The ongoing discovery of novel allotropes for these elements remains a key area of scientific interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To computationally discover new allotropes of Group 14 elements.
  • To characterize the structural and bonding properties of newly identified allotropes.
  • To provide explanations for existing experimental data and propose new synthesis pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a particle swarm structural search to explore potential allotropes.
  • Utilized computational methods to determine structural, bonding, and thermodynamic properties.
  • Analyzed experimental data including d-spacings and Raman spectra.

Main Results:

  • Discovered a novel tetragonal allotrope (T12) common to carbon, silicon, and germanium, featuring sp(3) bonding and interconnected helical six-, five-, and seven-membered rings.
  • The T12 structure exhibits favorable thermodynamic stability compared to other known sp(3) allotropes.
  • The T12 polymorph successfully explains the experimental d-spacings of metastable Germanium and Raman spectra of Silicon-XIII.

Conclusions:

  • The computationally discovered T12 allotrope provides a structural explanation for previously enigmatic experimental phases of silicon and germanium.
  • A viable experimental synthesis route for the T12 phase is proposed via decompression of high-pressure Si-II or Ge-II phases.
  • This discovery expands the known allotropic landscape of Group 14 elements and offers pathways for future material design and synthesis.