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Updated: May 20, 2026

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages
Published on: June 23, 2013
Functional phenotypes of macrophages and the M1-M2 polarization concept. Part I. Proinflammatory phenotype
Y Sh Schwartz1, A V Svistelnik
1Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630089, Russia. YShSchwartz@mail.ru
Abstract:
Current concepts concerning the main functional phenotypes of mononuclear phagocytes are systematized, molecular mechanisms of their formation are considered, and the functional polarization concept of macrophages is critically analyzed. Mechanisms of macrophage priming activation mediated by pattern recognition receptors TLR, NLR, RLR, and CLR are described, and the features of each phenotype acquired via various pattern recognition receptors are emphasized. It is concluded that there is a huge variety of proinflammatory phenotypes from highly to poorly polarized ones. Thus the widespread notion of "classical activation" of macrophage concerns just a particular case of proinflammatory phenotype formation.
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