LeuO is a global regulator of gene expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

We report the first investigation of the binding of the Salmonella enterica LeuO LysR-type transcription regulator to its genomic targets in vivo. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation-on-chip identified 178 LeuO binding sites on the chromosome of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain SL1344. These sites were distributed across both the core and the horizontally acquired genome, and included housekeeping genes and genes known to contribute to virulence. Sixty-eight LeuO targets were co-bound by the global repressor protein, H-NS. Thus, while LeuO may function as an H-NS antagonist, these functions are unlikely to involve displacement of H-NS. RNA polymerase bound 173 of the 178 LeuO targets, consistent with LeuO being a transcription regulator. Thus, LeuO targets two classes of genes, those that are bound by H-NS and those that are not bound by H-NS. LeuO binding site analysis revealed a logo conforming to the TN(11) A motif common to LysR-type transcription factors. It differed in some details from a motif that we composed for Escherichia coli LeuO binding sites; 1263 and 1094 LeuO binding site locations were predicted in the S. Typhimurium SL1344 and E. coli MG1655 genomes respectively. Despite differences in motif composition, many LeuO target genes were common to both species. Thus, LeuO is likely to be a more important global regulator than previously suspected.