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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms
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Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

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[Autoimmune liver diseases].

N Pannicke1, C Schramm, A W Lohse

  • 1I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland. nadine.pannicke@uke-hh.de

Der Internist
|July 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune liver diseases like AIH, PBC, and PSC require specific diagnostic criteria. Treatments vary, with immunosuppressants for AIH, ursodeoxycholic acid for PBC, and no current effective medical options for PSC.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Context:

  • Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) encompass autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
  • These conditions are crucial in differentiating acute and chronic liver pathologies.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on a combination of biochemical tests, imaging, and histopathology.

Purpose:

  • To outline the diagnostic approaches for AIH, PBC, and PSC.
  • To describe the current treatment strategies for AIH and PBC.
  • To highlight the unmet medical need in PSC treatment.

Summary:

  • Diagnostic criteria for AILDs integrate liver function tests, immunoglobulins, autoantibodies, imaging (ultrasound, MRCP, ERCP), and histopathology.
  • The standard treatment for AIH involves combined immunosuppression with prednisolone and azathioprine.
  • Ursodeoxycholic acid is the primary therapy for PBC, improving biochemical markers and histological progression, thereby extending transplant-free survival.

Impact:

  • Established treatment protocols exist for AIH and PBC, improving patient outcomes.
  • The lack of effective medical treatment for PSC presents a significant challenge in managing this autoimmune liver disease.
  • This review underscores the importance of continued research into novel therapeutic strategies for PSC.