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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation01:24

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

When a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, it results in the lowering of the freezing point of the solvent. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression. The extent to which the freezing point is lowered depends on the molality of the solute -the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent and the cryoscopic constant of the solvent.From the plot of chemical potential, μ, against temperature, it is evident that the μ of both solid and liquid solvents decrease with...
Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

Energetics of Solution Formation

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent electrostatic forces to...
Physical Properties of Ethers02:17

Physical Properties of Ethers

Overview
An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
Ethers can act as hydrogen bond acceptors, making them more water-soluble than hydrocarbons, but since ethers cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, they are much less soluble in water than alcohols. Ethers are considered...
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.

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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
06:15

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

Deep eutectic solvents: syntheses, properties and applications.

Qinghua Zhang1, Karine De Oliveira Vigier, Sébastien Royer

  • 1Université de Poitiers/CNRS, UMR 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, ENSIP, 1 rue Marcel Doré, 86022 Poitiers, France.

Chemical Society Reviews
|July 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are emerging green solvents offering eco-friendly and cost-effective alternatives. These novel fluids show promise across various applications, including catalysis and material science, due to their favorable properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Solvents are crucial in green chemistry, but limited options exist.
  • Traditional solvents often pose environmental and safety concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) as a novel class of green solvents.
  • Highlight the advantages and diverse applications of DES.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on Deep Eutectic Solvents.
  • Discussion of DES properties and formation via hydrogen bonding.

Main Results:

  • DES are formed from cheap, safe components with lower melting points.
  • DES exhibit comparable properties to ionic liquids but are more economical and eco-friendly.

Conclusions:

  • DES offer a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional solvents.
  • DES facilitate eco-efficient processes and novel material development.