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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Adrenal insufficiency.

Melissa Li-Ng1, Laurence Kennedy

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.

Journal of Surgical Oncology
|July 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adrenocortical insufficiency stems from adrenal gland failure or insufficient ACTH stimulation. This review covers causes, diagnosis, and treatment, especially for those with adrenal tumors.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
04:33

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Published on: March 12, 2019

Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands
08:37

Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

Published on: October 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Adrenal Gland Physiology

Background:

  • Adrenocortical insufficiency results from primary adrenal failure or secondary dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
  • Exogenous steroid use can suppress the HPA axis, leading to cortisol deficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes, investigation, and treatment of adrenocortical insufficiency.
  • To highlight specific considerations for patients with adrenal tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of causes, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies for adrenal insufficiency.
  • Focused analysis on implications for patients with adrenal tumors.

Main Results:

  • Adrenal insufficiency has diverse etiologies, including autoimmune disease, infections, and genetic disorders.
  • Diagnostic workup involves hormonal assays and imaging.
  • Treatment requires glucocorticoid and sometimes mineralocorticoid replacement.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency are crucial for patient outcomes.
  • Adrenal tumors present unique challenges in the context of adrenal insufficiency, requiring tailored management strategies.