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Updated: May 20, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
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Published on: September 11, 2021

Modal preferences in creative problem solving.

Gina Deininger1, Gareth Loudon, Stefanie Norman

  • 1Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, UK. gideininger@cardiffmet.ac.uk

Cognitive Processing
|July 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People naturally prefer using their bodies, not just brains, for creative problem-solving. This embodied cognition study shows a strong tendency to involve physical interaction in complex thinking tasks.

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Area of Science:

  • Embodied cognitive science
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Embodied cognitive science posits that cognition involves both the body and the brain.
  • Understanding the role of the body in complex cognitive functions like creative problem-solving is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether individuals preferentially engage the brain alone or enlist the body for creative problem-solving.
  • To explore the natural human tendency towards embodied cognition in complex tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Participants solved a 3D shape-assembly puzzle (based on lateral thinking puzzles) under conditions offering mental or manipulative (computer-based) problem-solving options.
  • Some conditions involved post-task preference reporting after initial mental solving.
  • Variations in conditions were applied to assess task engagement.

Main Results:

  • An overwhelming majority of participants chose manipulative problem-solving over purely mental approaches.
  • This preference persisted even when manual manipulation did not significantly improve performance.
  • Participants consciously opted for embodied feedback in creative cognitive processing.

Conclusions:

  • A strong preference for manual manipulation suggests a natural human tendency to involve the body in complex cognitive functioning.
  • This supports theories viewing cognition as a dynamic interplay between body, brain, and environment, not solely a neural process.
  • Experiential feedback from bodily movement is potentially vital for creative cognition.