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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow
06:17

Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow

Published on: November 6, 2014

E proteins regulate osteoclast maturation and survival.

Courtney L Long1, William L Berry, Ying Zhao

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate College, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|July 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

E proteins, crucial for cell fate, regulate osteoclast development. Gain-of-function in myeloid cells increases bone mass by reducing osteoclast numbers and enhancing apoptosis via CD38.

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Area of Science:

  • Bone Biology
  • Cell Fate Determination
  • Transcription Factors

Background:

  • Osteoclasts are critical for bone remodeling, derived from myeloid precursors stimulated by M-CSF and RANKL.
  • E proteins (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors) influence lymphoid versus myeloid cell fate.
  • Understanding E protein roles in osteoclastogenesis is key to bone remodeling research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of E proteins in osteoclast biology.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which E proteins affect osteoclast number, survival, and function.
  • To determine the impact of myeloid-specific E protein gain-of-function on bone mass and remodeling.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of myeloid-specific E protein gain-of-function transgenic mice.
  • Analysis of osteoclast numbers, apoptosis, and resorptive capacity in vivo and in vitro.
  • Assessment of gene expression, including CD38, RANK, TREM2, and NFATc1.

Main Results:

  • Transgenic mice exhibited high bone mass, reduced osteoclast numbers, and increased osteoclast apoptosis.
  • Elevated CD38 expression was identified as a mechanism contributing to increased apoptosis and reduced resorption.
  • In vitro, E protein-modified osteoclasts showed altered expression of RANK, TREM2, and NFATc1 but not proportionally increased resorption.

Conclusions:

  • E proteins play a significant role in regulating osteoclast maturation and survival during homeostatic bone remodeling.
  • CD38 upregulation by E proteins contributes to anti-osteoclastogenic effects.
  • While E proteins influence osteoclast differentiation markers, their direct impact on resorptive capacity requires further investigation.