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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism01:18

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

Birch reduction uses solvated electrons as reducing agents. The reaction converts benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The reaction proceeds by the transfer of a single electron to the ring to form a benzene radical anion. This anion is highly basic—it abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form a cyclohexadienyl radical. Another single electron transfer gives the cyclohexadienyl anion. A proton transfer from the alcohol forms 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Since this reduction occurs via radical anion...

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Functionalization of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Thermo-reversible Block Copolymers and Characterization by Small-angle Neutron Scattering
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Covalently functionalized hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets by nitrene addition.

Toby Sainsbury1, Amro Satti, Peter May

  • 1School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|July 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Covalent functionalization of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets enhances polycarbonate mechanical properties. This method improves material strength by integrating modified nanosheets into the polymer matrix.

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Functionalization of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Thermo-reversible Block Copolymers and Characterization by Small-angle Neutron Scattering
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets possess unique properties but require effective integration into polymer matrices.
  • Improving the mechanical performance of polymers is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the covalent functionalization of h-BN nanosheets.
  • To demonstrate the integration of functionalized h-BN nanosheets into a polycarbonate matrix.
  • To investigate the impact of modified h-BN on the mechanical properties of polycarbonate.

Main Methods:

  • Exfoliation of h-BN nanosheets.
  • Covalent functionalization of h-BN nanosheets via nitrene addition.
  • Integration of functionalized h-BN into a polycarbonate matrix.
  • Covalent modification of h-BN with a polycarbonate analogue.

Main Results:

  • Functionalized h-BN nanosheets significantly increased the mechanical properties of the polycarbonate matrix.
  • Covalent modification of h-BN with polymer chains further improved integration and performance.
  • The developed methodology offers a pathway for creating advanced composite materials.

Conclusions:

  • Covalent functionalization is an effective strategy for enhancing the compatibility and performance of h-BN nanosheets in polymer composites.
  • The integration of modified h-BN nanosheets offers a promising route to significantly boost the mechanical strength of polycarbonate.
  • This work advances the development of high-performance polymer nanocomposites.