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Related Concept Videos

Graded Potential01:19

Graded Potential

Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or calcium...
Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
Several...
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
Resting Potential Decay01:15

Resting Potential Decay

The resting membrane potential of a neuron (-70mV) is sustained due to the selective ion permeability of the membrane. At the resting potential, the membrane is slightly permeable to ions like sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) and highly permeable to potassium ions (K+). Differences in the ions' concentration inside the cell compared to the outside are maintained by membrane transport proteins like channels and pumps.
At rest, the K+ is the main ion that moves across the membrane through...
Resting Potential Decay01:15

Resting Potential Decay

The resting membrane potential of a neuron (-70mV) is sustained due to the selective ion permeability of the membrane. At the resting potential, the membrane is slightly permeable to ions like sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) and highly permeable to potassium ions (K+). Differences in the ions' concentration inside the cell compared to the outside are maintained by membrane transport proteins like channels and pumps.
At rest, the K+ is the main ion that moves across the membrane through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Physiological Recordings of High and Low Output NMJs on the Crayfish Leg Extensor Muscle
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Physiological Recordings of High and Low Output NMJs on the Crayfish Leg Extensor Muscle

Published on: November 17, 2010

The all-or-none phenomenon revisited.

Margaret P Adam1

  • 1Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington 98105-0371, USA. margaret.adam@seattlechildrens.org

Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
|July 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The "all-or-none" phenomenon in teratology suggests early embryonic exposures cause no harm or embryonic death. This concept remains useful for genetic counseling, advising pregnant women exposed before recognizing pregnancy.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Physiological Recordings of High and Low Output NMJs on the Crayfish Leg Extensor Muscle
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Physiological Recordings of High and Low Output NMJs on the Crayfish Leg Extensor Muscle

Published on: November 17, 2010

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08:27

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Area of Science:

  • Teratology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Reproductive Toxicology

Background:

  • The "all-or-none" phenomenon is a key concept in teratology.
  • It posits that embryonic exposures before organogenesis lead to either no adverse effects or embryonic demise.
  • This principle influences genetic counseling for early pregnancy exposures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting the "all-or-none" concept in embryonic development.
  • To examine exceptions to the general rule of the "all-or-none" phenomenon.
  • To provide guidance on counseling pregnant women with inadvertent early exposures.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of teratological studies.
  • Analysis of human data on embryonic exposures.
  • Evaluation of genetic counseling practices.

Main Results:

  • The "all-or-none" concept is supported by significant data.
  • Certain exceptions to the "all-or-none" rule exist.
  • Current evidence supports its continued use in counseling.

Conclusions:

  • The "all-or-none" hypothesis is a prudent approach for counseling pregnant women with early exposures.
  • It helps prevent unnecessary pregnancy terminations due to unfounded fears.
  • Further human data is needed to fully understand exceptions.