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Related Concept Videos

Altered States of Awareness01:06

Altered States of Awareness

Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
The ingestion of substances like stimulants or hallucinogens leads to chemical alterations in the brain that...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Alterations in Blood Pressure01:30

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Alterations in blood pressure, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure), significantly affect human health. Understanding these conditions' classifications, causes, and symptoms is essential for effective management and treatment.
Hypertension (High blood pressure)
Hypertension occurs when blood pressure readings consistently exceed the normal range. It is diagnosed when systolic blood pressure (the top number, indicating pressure while the heart beats)...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Dissociative Identity Disorder01:30

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients
11:05

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients

Published on: February 6, 2021

Altered mental status.

Vanja C Douglas, S Andrew Josephson

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |July 20, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Altered mental status requires prompt diagnosis to prevent brain injury. Advances include identifying autoimmune encephalitis antibodies and using continuous electroencephalography for nonconvulsive seizures.

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    Published on: January 20, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Critical Care Medicine

    Background:

    • Altered mental status is a frequent neurologic consultation reason.
    • While often systemic, other causes can lead to irreversible brain injury.
    • A systematic diagnostic approach is crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review causes and diagnostic approaches for altered mental status.
    • To discuss advanced workup, prevention, and treatment strategies.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of recent literature on altered mental status diagnosis and treatment.
    • Focus on advances in autoimmune encephalitis and nonconvulsive seizures.
    • Examination of interventions for hospital-acquired delirium.

    Main Results:

    • Identification of antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis has improved diagnosis.
    • Continuous electroencephalography reveals nonconvulsive seizures as a cause.
    • Multicomponent interventions and dexmedetomidine show promise for delirium prevention.

    Conclusions:

    • Prompt identification and treatment of altered mental status are vital.
    • Advanced diagnostics and targeted therapies are improving patient outcomes.
    • Prevention strategies for delirium are increasingly effective.