Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The history of paraneoplastic neurologic disorders of the CNS, PNS, and autonomic nervous systems: Perspective on the past toward a brighter future.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same author

Prolonged corticosteroid therapy and steroid-sparing maintenance immunotherapy lower relapse risk in pediatric and adult MOGAD.

Journal of neuroimmunology·2025
Same author

Matched oligoclonal bands: Diagnostic utility and clinical characteristics.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology·2024
Same author

Paraneoplastic cerebellar and brainstem disorders.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2024
Same author

Neurologic involvement in seronegative primary Sjögren's syndrome with positive minor salivary gland biopsy: a single-center experience.

Frontiers in neurology·2023
Same author

Neurologic Manifestations of Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Impact on Quality of Life.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation·2023
Same journal

Key Considerations in Telestroke Program Management.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Neurology's Action Potential: Delivering on the Promise of Brain Health.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Erratum.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Management of Large Artery Atherosclerosis.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy, and Antithrombotic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Stroke in Children and Younger Adults.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Meningitis and encephalitis.

Karen L Roos, John E Greenlee

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |July 20, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Neurologists play a key role in diagnosing and managing meningitis and encephalitis. Prompt empiric therapy is crucial for treating CNS infections, even when the exact cause remains unidentified.

    More Related Videos

    Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection
    05:55

    Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

    Published on: May 7, 2020

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 20, 2026

    Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
    10:03

    Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

    Published on: November 5, 2019

    Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection
    05:55

    Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

    Published on: May 7, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Central Nervous System (CNS) Infections

    Background:

    • Meningitis and encephalitis require prompt recognition and management by neurologists.
    • Despite vaccination, meningococcal meningitis remains a concern, particularly serogroup B.
    • Empiric antibiotic therapy is essential for CNS infections, including coverage for anaerobes in specific cases.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the critical role of neurologists in managing meningitis and encephalitis.
    • To emphasize the importance of accurate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis.
    • To discuss the prevention and management of neurological complications from CNS infections.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current practices in the diagnosis and treatment of meningitis and encephalitis.
    • Analysis of the impact of vaccines on meningitis incidence.
    • Evaluation of empiric therapy strategies for CNS infections.

    Main Results:

    • The tetravalent meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine reduces overall incidence but not serogroup B cases.
    • Empiric therapy for meningitis associated with sinusitis, otitis, or mastoiditis should include anaerobe coverage.
    • Acute presentations can occur with organisms typically causing chronic meningitis, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Management of suspected meningitis/encephalitis begins with empiric therapy.
    • Identification of treatable etiologies and supportive care are paramount.
    • Preventing neurological complications is a primary goal in managing CNS infections.