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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
High-Level and Low-Level Awareness01:19

High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
Self-Regulation01:25

Self-Regulation

Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks
06:57

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Published on: August 9, 2016

Executive resources.

Rachel G Gross, Murray Grossman

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |July 20, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Executive function enables adaptive, goal-directed behavior through key components like working memory, planning, and inhibitory control. These cognitive processes are vital for daily life and are supported by prefrontal cortex neural networks.

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    Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks
    06:57

    Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

    Published on: August 9, 2016

    The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
    08:24

    The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

    Published on: August 25, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Neuroscience
    • Psychology

    Background:

    • Executive functions are crucial for flexible, goal-directed responses in daily life.
    • These functions are composed of distinct yet related cognitive components.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight three essential aspects of executive function: working memory, planning and organizing, and inhibitory control.
    • To explain the role of these components in cognitive processes.

    Main Methods:

    • Review and synthesis of existing literature on executive function.
    • Focus on defining and elaborating on working memory, planning, and inhibitory control.

    Main Results:

    • Working memory maintains active information for cognitive tasks.
    • Planning and organizing optimizes multistep task execution.
    • Inhibitory control manages inappropriate responses and facilitates response shifting.

    Conclusions:

    • Executive functions rely on large-scale neural networks involving prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and basal ganglia.
    • Executive function deficits are observed across various medical conditions, impacting cognition.