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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
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How atomic nuclei cluster.

J-P Ebran1, E Khan, T Nikšić

  • 1CEA/DAM/DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France.

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|July 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear clustering, where protons and neutrons form molecular-like structures, is influenced by the depth of the nuclear potential. Deeper potentials, especially from relativistic functionals, enhance these cluster structures in atomic nuclei.

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Nucleonic matter exhibits quantum-liquid properties, but finite nuclei can display molecular-like cluster structures.
  • Clustering is common in light nuclei and typically appears as excited states near decay thresholds.
  • The precise mechanism driving nuclear clustering remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the confining nuclear potential's depth in facilitating cluster formation within atomic nuclei.
  • To explore how different theoretical frameworks, specifically energy-density functionals, capture both cluster and quantum liquid-drop aspects.
  • To analyze the impact of relativistic versus non-relativistic functionals on predicted cluster structures.

Main Methods:

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  • Utilized the theoretical framework of energy-density functionals, which incorporates both cluster and quantum liquid-drop characteristics.
  • Examined the specific case of neon-20 to illustrate the relationship between potential depth and nucleon orbital properties.
  • Compared predictions from relativistic and non-relativistic functionals, ensuring similar ground-state properties (binding energy, deformation, radii) for a fair comparison.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that the depth of the nuclear potential is a key factor in determining the conditions for cluster formation.
    • Showed that potential depth influences energy spacings of single-nucleon orbitals, wavefunction localization, and the degree of nucleonic density clustering in deformed nuclei like neon-20.
    • Found that relativistic functionals, with their deeper single-nucleon potentials, predict significantly more pronounced cluster structures compared to non-relativistic functionals.

    Conclusions:

    • The depth of the confining nuclear potential is a critical determinant for the emergence of cluster structures in atomic nuclei.
    • Relativistic energy-density functionals provide a more accurate description of pronounced clustering phenomena.
    • Nuclear clustering can be viewed as an intermediate state between crystalline and quantum-liquid phases of fermionic systems.