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Related Concept Videos

Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
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Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

Infectious myelopathies.

Joseph R Berger

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |July 20, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Spinal cord diseases (myelopathies) can be caused by various microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Pathogen types vary by population, with retroviruses and herpesviruses being notable causes in specific groups.

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    Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes
    06:44

    Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes

    Published on: June 13, 2011

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    Last Updated: May 20, 2026

    Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
    09:07

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    Published on: June 14, 2020

    Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes
    06:44

    Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes

    Published on: June 13, 2011

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Spinal cord diseases, or myelopathies, are linked to a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and prions.
    • The specific pathogens causing myelopathy differ significantly across various global populations and individual risk factors.
    • Certain retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), are uniquely associated with myelopathy in specific populations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the diverse spectrum of microbial pathogens implicated in spinal cord disease.
    • To highlight population-specific variations in the etiology of myelopathy.
    • To discuss the role of specific viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents in causing spinal cord pathology.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of studies on infectious agents causing myelopathy.
    • Analysis of pathogen prevalence in different demographic and geographic groups.
    • Categorization of causative agents based on microorganism type and host factors.

    Main Results:

    • In immunocompromised individuals, Herpesviridae family viruses, particularly cytomegalovirus and varicella-zoster virus, are significant causes of spinal cord disease.
    • While historically significant, bacterial causes like tabes dorsalis are now rare.
    • In developing nations, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and schistosomiasis remain prevalent causes of myelopathy.

    Conclusions:

    • Myelopathy presents a diverse range of infectious etiologies that are heavily influenced by host immune status and geographic location.
    • Understanding population-specific pathogen profiles is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of spinal cord infections.
    • Continued surveillance and research are necessary to address the global burden of infectious myelopathies.