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Related Concept Videos

Production of Biopesticides01:18

Production of Biopesticides

Biopesticides offer a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, utilizing microbial agents to control agricultural pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely employed bacterium known for its potent insecticidal activity. Bt biopesticides are favored for their specificity to insect pests, minimal environmental impact, and natural degradability.Mechanism of Bt Toxin Action Bt produces insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins during its sporulation phase. These proteins form parasporal...
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Plant Breeding and Biotechnology

Crop cultivation has a long history in human civilization, with records showing the cultivation of cereal plants beginning at around 8000 BC. This early plant breeding was developed primarily to provide a steady supply of food.
Transgenic Plants02:50

Transgenic Plants

Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
The first-ever transgenic plant was a tobacco plant developed in 1983 that showed resistance against the tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many transgenic plants have been developed and commercialized for improving the agricultural, ornamental, and horticultural value of a crop plant. Transgenic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing
07:42

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Published on: April 27, 2018

Delaying corn rootworm resistance to Bt corn.

Bruce E Tabashnik1, Fred Gould

  • 1Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. brucet@cals.arizona.edu

Journal of Economic Entomology
|July 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Current refuge requirements for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn are insufficient to delay pest resistance. Increasing refuge sizes for Bt corn targeting corn rootworms is recommended to enhance crop protection sustainability.

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Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes
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Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Published on: February 14, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Entomology
  • Molecular Entomology
  • Pest Management

Background:

  • Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops are vital for insect control but face reduced efficacy due to pest resistance.
  • Refuges of non-Bt host plants are mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to slow resistance development by promoting susceptible pest survival.
  • Effective refuges rely on Bt plants delivering a high toxin dose to eliminate hybrid offspring from resistant and susceptible pest matings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the adequacy of current EPA-mandated refuge sizes for Bt corn hybrids targeting the western corn rootworm.
  • To determine if Bt corn hybrids meet the high-dose standard necessary for effective resistance management.
  • To propose revised refuge strategies to mitigate pest resistance and promote sustainable agriculture.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Bt corn hybrid efficacy against western corn rootworm.
  • Assessment of western corn rootworm resistance evolution in laboratory, greenhouse, and field settings.
  • Evaluation of current EPA refuge size requirements (20% for single-toxin, 5% for dual-toxin Bt corn).

Main Results:

  • Bt corn hybrids targeting corn rootworms do not consistently meet the high-dose requirement.
  • Western corn rootworm has demonstrated rapid evolution of resistance to Bt toxins, including Cry3Bb1.
  • Current refuge requirements are deemed inadequate to prevent or delay widespread pest resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Existing refuge sizes for Bt corn are insufficient to manage western corn rootworm resistance.
  • Recommendations include increasing minimum refuges to 50% for single-toxin and 20% for dual-toxin Bt corn.
  • Adjusted refuge strategies are crucial for delaying pest resistance, supporting integrated pest management, and ensuring sustainable crop protection.