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Updated: May 20, 2026

In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D
Published on: December 9, 2022
Adjuvanticity and toxicity of cobalt oxide nanoparticles as an alternative vaccine adjuvant
Wan-Seob Cho1, Kenneth Dart, Dominika J Nowakowska
1ELEGI/Colt Laboratory, Center for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Aim:
There are very few adjuvants licensed for use in human vaccination, and alum-based adjuvants are the most widely used. Alum adjuvants predominantly boost Th2 immune responses and there is a need for new adjuvants that also stimulate Th1 immunity. We recently reported that cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co(3)O(4)NPs) stimulate Th1-type immune responses in vivo. Here, we exploited this property to examine whether Co(3)O(4)NP could act as an adjuvant using the model antigen ovalbumin.
Materials & Methods:
Female C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously twice with ovalbumin plus adjuvant (Co(3)O(4)NPs or Imject® Alum) followed by intraperitoneal stimulation with soluble ovalbumin.
Results:
Co(3)O(4)NPs induced a more balanced Th1- and Th2-type response, triggering higher specific Th1-dependent IgG2c production in addition to Th2-dependent IgG1 and less 'allergic' IgE production, and induced less inflammation at both the subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection sites.
Discussion:
Co(3)O(4)NPs could be a very useful adjuvant where both Th1 and Th2 responses are needed to clear pathogens.
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