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Related Concept Videos

Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Assessment of Maternal Vascular Remodeling During Pregnancy in the Mouse Uterus
06:55

Assessment of Maternal Vascular Remodeling During Pregnancy in the Mouse Uterus

Published on: December 5, 2015

Physiologic changes during normal pregnancy and delivery.

Joseph G Ouzounian1, Uri Elkayam

  • 1University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. Joseph.Ouzounian@med.usc.edu

Cardiology Clinics
|July 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Pregnancy significantly alters the maternal cardiovascular system, increasing cardiac output and heart rate. These temporary hemodynamic changes can reveal underlying heart conditions, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring during and after pregnancy.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Assessment of Maternal Vascular Remodeling During Pregnancy in the Mouse Uterus
06:55

Assessment of Maternal Vascular Remodeling During Pregnancy in the Mouse Uterus

Published on: December 5, 2015

Biaxial Basal Tone and Passive Testing of the Murine Reproductive System Using a Pressure Myograph
09:59

Biaxial Basal Tone and Passive Testing of the Murine Reproductive System Using a Pressure Myograph

Published on: August 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Maternal cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy are substantial.
  • These physiological changes can unmask pre-existing or undiagnosed heart disease.
  • Postpartum, most cardiovascular changes largely revert to pre-pregnancy states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the significant hemodynamic alterations in the maternal cardiovascular system during pregnancy and labor.
  • To highlight the potential for pregnancy to reveal underlying cardiac conditions.
  • To underscore the importance of understanding these physiological shifts for maternal health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physiological changes during gestation.
  • Analysis of hemodynamic shifts during pregnancy and labor stages.
  • Synthesis of existing literature on maternal cardiovascular adaptations.

Main Results:

  • Pregnancy involves increased blood volume, cardiac output (CO), and heart rate.
  • Systemic vascular resistance and arterial blood pressure decrease.
  • Labor further elevates CO, with pushing increasing it by up to 50%.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal cardiovascular system undergoes profound, temporary changes during pregnancy and labor.
  • These adaptations can precipitate cardiac events in susceptible individuals.
  • Awareness of these hemodynamic shifts is crucial for managing maternal cardiac health.