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Related Concept Videos

Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

2D and 3D Chromosome Painting in Malaria Mosquitoes
09:57

2D and 3D Chromosome Painting in Malaria Mosquitoes

Published on: January 6, 2014

Chromosome evolution in Perissodactyla.

V A Trifonov1, P Musilova, A I Kulemsina

  • 1Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. vlad@mcb.nsc.ru

Cytogenetic and Genome Research
|July 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study refines understanding of perissodactyl (odd-toed ungulates) karyotype evolution by integrating new physical mapping and sequencing data. It revises previous scenarios, highlighting increased chromosomal rearrangements and centromere repositioning in equids.

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Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes
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Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes

Published on: May 11, 2017

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

2D and 3D Chromosome Painting in Malaria Mosquitoes
09:57

2D and 3D Chromosome Painting in Malaria Mosquitoes

Published on: January 6, 2014

Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes
12:11

Analysis of Chromosome Segregation, Histone Acetylation, and Spindle Morphology in Horse Oocytes

Published on: May 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Comparative Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Comparative painting aids in reconstructing karyotype evolution in eutherian mammals.
  • Gene localization, BAC mapping, and sequencing provide detailed insights into genome evolution.
  • Perissodactyl genomes exhibit high rates of chromosomal rearrangements and centromere repositioning, particularly in equids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To refine ancestral karyotype maps for perissodactyls.
  • To revise the evolutionary scenario of perissodactyl karyotype evolution.
  • To integrate diverse genomic data for a comprehensive analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Physical mapping
  • Comparative chromosome painting
  • Genome sequencing data analysis
  • Integration of existing genomic data

Main Results:

  • Refined putative ancestral karyotype maps for perissodactyls.
  • Revised understanding of the sequence of karyotype evolution in perissodactyls.
  • Confirmation of high chromosomal rearrangement and centromere repositioning rates in equids.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a more accurate model for perissodactyl karyotype evolution.
  • Integrated genomic data enhance the resolution of evolutionary pathways.
  • Equid karyotype evolution is characterized by significant chromosomal instability.