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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Action Potentials01:23

Propagation of Action Potentials

The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
Action Potentials01:41

Action Potentials

Overview
Action Potential01:14

Action Potential

Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...
Action Potential01:14

Action Potential

Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...
Neurons: The Axon01:21

Neurons: The Axon

Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
The axon attaches to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock. The initial part of the axon, closest to the hillock, is known as the initial segment.

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Related Experiment Video

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Rewiring Neuronal Circuits: A New Method for Fast Neurite Extension and Functional Neuronal Connection
10:26

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Published on: June 13, 2017

The GAP between axon pruning and repulsion.

Youngshik Choe1, Samuel J Pleasure

  • 1Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Developmental Cell
|July 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Rac GTPase activating protein (GAP) β2-Chimaerin is crucial for Semaphorin-driven axonal pruning, a process essential for neuronal development. However, it is not involved in Semaphorin-mediated growth cone repulsion.

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Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters
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Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters
12:00

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Published on: July 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Axonal pruning and growth cone repulsion are critical processes that shape neuronal connectivity during development.
  • These processes often utilize shared molecular signaling pathways, including common ligands and receptors.
  • Understanding the specific roles of downstream effectors in these pathways is essential for deciphering neuronal development.

Discussion:

  • The study investigates the role of Rac GTPase activating protein (GAP) β2-Chimaerin in Semaphorin-mediated axonal guidance.
  • It differentiates the function of β2-Chimaerin in axonal pruning versus growth cone repulsion.
  • Findings suggest that downstream pathways activated by common ligands can be functionally specialized.

Key Insights:

  • The Rac GAP β2-Chimaerin is specifically required for Semaphorin-induced axonal pruning.
  • β2-Chimaerin is not essential for Semaphorin-mediated growth cone repulsion.
  • This highlights a functional divergence in downstream signaling despite shared upstream cues.

Outlook:

  • Further research can explore other downstream effectors that mediate specialized functions in axonal guidance.
  • Investigating the precise molecular mechanisms by which β2-Chimaerin regulates pruning is warranted.
  • This work provides a foundation for understanding how precise neuronal wiring is achieved.