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Related Concept Videos

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin studies.
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within the...
Schizophrenia01:17

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those diagnosed.
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:30

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
Thought Disorders
Disorganized and unusual thought processes mark thought disorders in schizophrenia. One key feature is disorganized speech, where an individual's conversation includes loosely...
Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:26

Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by a range of symptoms that significantly impact cognition, behavior, and emotional regulation. Among these, the positive symptoms stand out as they involve the addition or exaggeration of normal mental functions, deviating markedly from typical behavior and perception. Hallucinations and delusions are prominent positive symptoms, each profoundly affecting the individual's experience of reality.
Hallucinations
Hallucinations in...

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Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Published on: November 19, 2020

Inflammation in schizophrenia.

Norbert Müller1, Aye-Mu Myint, Markus J Schwarz

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany. Norbert.Mueller@med.uni-muenchen.de

Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology
|July 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Schizophrenia involves immune imbalance and inflammation, affecting kynurenic acid levels. Anti-inflammatory therapies, particularly COX-2 inhibitors, show promise for treating schizophrenia, especially early on.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Dopaminergic neurotransmission is implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology, but mechanisms remain unclear.
  • A central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory process, termed 'mild encephalitis,' is postulated.
  • Immune response imbalance, specifically in type-1 immunity, may link to schizophrenia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and kynurenic acid in schizophrenia.
  • To investigate the impact of inflammation, prostaglandin E(2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in schizophrenia.
  • To evaluate the potential of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating therapies for schizophrenia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on schizophrenia pathophysiology, immune response, and tryptophan/kynurenine metabolism.
  • Analysis of animal models and human studies concerning kynurenic acid levels.
  • Examination of clinical evidence for anti-inflammatory agents, including COX-2 inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Decreased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity may lead to increased kynurenic acid, impacting glutamatergic neurotransmission.
  • Studies show conflicting peripheral kynurenic acid levels in schizophrenic patients, though CNS levels are elevated in animal models.
  • Increased prostaglandin E(2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression are linked to schizophrenia's inflammatory state.

Conclusions:

  • Existing antipsychotics may partially correct immune imbalance and kynurenic acid overproduction.
  • Clinical studies suggest favorable outcomes with COX-2 inhibitors in early-stage schizophrenia.
  • Immunomodulating therapies represent a promising avenue for future schizophrenia treatment.