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Related Concept Videos

Switching of BJT01:22

Switching of BJT

Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
Cut-off Mode ("Off" State): In this state, both the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are reverse-biased. The...
The Delta-to-Delta Circuit01:17

The Delta-to-Delta Circuit

In a delta-delta configuration, the source and the load are connected in a delta manner, forming a closed loop that divides the network into three distinct phases. This configuration makes the phase voltages identical to line voltages. Assuming the sources are in positive sequence, the phase voltages can be expressed directly without having a neutral wire.
Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection01:23

Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection

A circuit breaker is a device engineered to interrupt fault currents and sometimes reclose automatically. When a fault current is detected, the breaker separates the electrical contacts, which generates an arc. This arc is extinguished by methods such as elongation, cooling, or splitting, depending on the breaker's design. Breakers are categorized based on the voltage they operate at and the medium used for arc extinction, such as air, oil, SF6 gas, or vacuum.
In high-voltage systems, circuit...
BJT Amplifiers01:14

BJT Amplifiers

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are pivotal components in amplifier circuits, functioning as voltage-controlled current sources in their active region. This characteristic allows them to efficiently control the collector current through variations in the base-emitter voltage. Essentially, BJTs amplify power due to their ability to take a weak input signal and output a much stronger signal.
In BJT amplifier configurations, particularly in common-emitter setups, the transistor's role extends...
The Y-to-Y Circuit01:19

The Y-to-Y Circuit

In a balanced four-wire wye-to-wye system, the arrangement involves wye-connected sinusoidal voltage sources and loads, connected through a neutral wire that links the neutral nodes of the source and load. The load impedance is connected across each phase of the load. The wye-connected source can be connected to the wye-connected load in four-wire and three-wire arrangements. A three-phase system is considered balanced when the load on each phase is equal, leading to uniform current flow and...
The Y-to-Delta Circuit01:19

The Y-to-Delta Circuit

A balanced wye-to-delta circuit comprises balanced Y-connected voltage sources and delta-connected loads with no neutral line connection.
The initial step in analyzing a wye-to-delta circuit is to assume a positive phase sequence. These phase voltages are then utilized to calculate the line voltages that occur directly across the delta-connected load impedances. Van, Vbn, and Vcn are the phase voltages in wye, and Vab, Vbc, and Vca are the line voltages for a delta circuit. The relation between...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli
07:28

A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli

Published on: August 2, 2016

Passing the baton: the HIF switch.

Mei Yee Koh1, Garth Powis

  • 1Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA. mykoh@mdanderson.org

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|July 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Hypoxia, or low oxygen, impairs cell function. This review explores the roles of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1 and HIF-2) and their switch in cellular responses to oxygen levels.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Physiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hypoxia (inadequate oxygen supply) significantly restricts tissue and cellular function.
  • The cellular response to hypoxia is mainly regulated by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs).
  • HIFs, specifically HIF-1 and HIF-2, share target genes but also possess unique ones, making target gene activation context-specific.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the significance of the HIF switch between HIF-1 and HIF-2.
  • To examine the relationship between HIF-1 and HIF-2.
  • To understand these dynamics in both physiological and pathophysiological contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on HIF-1 and HIF-2.
  • Analysis of temporal and functional roles of HIF isoforms in different cell lines.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

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  • Examination of HIF target gene activation specificity.

    • Main Results:

    • HIF target gene activation is not a definitive indicator of the active HIF-α isoform.
    • HIF-1 typically mediates the acute (<24h) hypoxic response.
    • HIF-2 is associated with the chronic (>24h) hypoxic response in certain cell lines.

    Conclusions:

    • The switch between HIF-1 and HIF-2 plays a critical role in modulating cellular responses to hypoxia.
    • Understanding the distinct and overlapping roles of HIF-1 and HIF-2 is crucial for comprehending physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
    • Further research into the HIF switch mechanism can reveal therapeutic targets for hypoxia-related diseases.