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Related Concept Videos

Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

The Concept of Multiple Allelism
Genetic Screens02:46

Genetic Screens

Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
Forward genetic screens
Forward or “classical” genetic screens involve creating random mutations in an organism’s DNA using radiation, mutagens, or insertion of additional bases, which result in visible changes...
Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs01:23

Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs

Behavior genetics explores how genetic inheritance influences human behavior. It focuses on how genes, passed from parents to offspring, contribute to the development of behavioral traits and tendencies. This branch of genetics seeks to understand the complex interplay between inherited genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping our behaviors.
The primary methodologies used in behavior genetics include family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies, each providing unique...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...

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Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

Long-term selection strategies for complex traits using high-density genetic markers.

K E Kemper1, P J Bowman, J E Pryce

  • 1Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. kathryn.kemper@dpi.vic.giv.au

Journal of Dairy Science
|July 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) selection offers greater flexibility and long-term genetic gain in dairy cattle breeding programs compared to genotype building strategies. This approach effectively balances genetic improvement with controlled coancestry for complex traits.

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Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
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Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies (Mo-GWAS): Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization
08:27

Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies (Mo-GWAS): Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization

Published on: July 27, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Animal breeding and genetics
  • Quantitative genetics
  • Dairy cattle improvement

Background:

  • Traditional breeding values maximize short-term genetic gain but not necessarily long-term response.
  • Plant breeding utilizes genotype building by selecting specific loci.
  • Maximal long-term genetic gain in animals requires selection on estimated breeding values with coancestry constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare long-term genetic response between genotype building and genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) strategies.
  • To evaluate these strategies for the Australian Selection Index (ASI), a measure of profit in dairy cattle.
  • To assess the impact of coancestry control on genetic gain.

Main Methods:

  • Estimated breeding values for chromosome segments using real marker effects from Australian dairy data.
  • Simulated 30-generation breeding program with 16 founder animals.
  • Two breeding objectives: achieving an 'ideal genotype' or maximizing ASI with controlled coancestry.

Main Results:

  • Genotype building achieved the 'ideal genotype' and significant ASI gain (+$864.99).
  • GEBV selection showed greater short-term response and comparable long-term ASI gain (+$820.42).
  • GEBV selection outperformed genotype building when coancestry was minimized, demonstrating greater flexibility in controlling coancestry while maximizing ASI.

Conclusions:

  • Selection on overall GEBV, while minimizing average coancestry, is the more practical strategy for dairy cattle breeding.
  • This strategy is suitable for highly polygenic traits with low reproductive rates and low coancestry tolerance.
  • GEBV selection may offer sustained genetic response over multiple generations for complex traits.