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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters01:29

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Differences between synaptic plasticity thresholds result in new timing rules for maximizing long-term potentiation.

Gary Lynch1, Enikö A Kramár, Alex H Babayan

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4260, USA.

Neuropharmacology
|July 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Memory encoding efficiency depends on learning episode spacing. A novel memory-enhancing drug facilitates long-term potentiation (LTP) by affecting high-threshold synapses, altering timing rules.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
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Published on: June 26, 2013

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Published on: November 29, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The temporal spacing of learning is crucial for memory encoding.
  • This principle has been largely overlooked in long-term potentiation (LTP) research and cognitive enhancer development.
  • Recent findings suggest a spaced trials phenomenon in LTP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review findings on the spaced trials phenomenon in LTP.
  • To explore the relationship between LTP plasticity thresholds and memory enhancement.
  • To discuss the implications of a memory-enhancing drug on LTP and learning.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research on LTP and spaced learning.
  • Analysis of studies on synaptic plasticity thresholds in the hippocampus.
  • Examination of data from a memory-enhancing drug's effects on LTP.

Main Results:

  • A spaced trials phenomenon exists for LTP.
  • Synapses in the adult hippocampus have differing plasticity thresholds.
  • A memory-enhancing drug facilitates LTP by acting on high-threshold synapses, altering temporal timing rules.

Conclusions:

  • The findings link LTP substrates to the distributed practice effect in memory.
  • Altered temporal timing rules by enhancers may impact memory.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for cognitive enhancement research.