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Related Concept Videos

RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the ATP-dependent...
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

HIV RNA dimerisation interference by antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the 5' UTR structural elements.

José A Reyes-Darias1, Francisco J Sánchez-Luque, Alfredo Berzal-Herranz

  • 1Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av del Conocimiento, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain.

Virus Research
|July 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) targeting conserved structural elements in the HIV-1 5' untranslated region (UTR) effectively inhibited viral replication. These findings highlight the potential of targeting viral RNA structures for novel antiviral therapies.

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Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Antisense Protein (ASP) RNA Transcripts in Patients by Strand-Specific RT-PCR
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Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
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Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Antisense Protein (ASP) RNA Transcripts in Patients by Strand-Specific RT-PCR

Published on: November 27, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Virology
  • Antiviral Drug Discovery
  • RNA Structural Biology

Background:

  • The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome comprises two identical RNA molecules linked via their 5' untranslated regions (5' UTR).
  • The conserved structure of the 5' UTR is crucial for viral replication, making it a promising target for antisense-based antiviral strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of unmodified DNA antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) against conserved structural elements in the HIV-1 5' UTR.
  • To assess the impact of ODN targeting on HIV-1 RNA dimerization, gene expression, and virus production.

Main Methods:

  • Design and application of ten DNA ODNs targeting conserved structural elements within the HIV-1 5' UTR.
  • Assay of ODN capacity to inhibit HIV-1 RNA dimerization in vitro.
  • Evaluation of ODN effects on HIV-1 gene expression and virus production in cell culture.

Main Results:

  • Targeting the dimerisation initiation site (DIS) and AUG-containing elements interfered with HIV-1 RNA dimerization.
  • Blocking 3' end sequences near the primer binding site (PBS) also inhibited dimerization.
  • ODNs targeting the polyadenylation signal (Poly(A)), PBS, major splicing donor (SD), packaging signal (Psi), and AUG elements potently inhibited HIV-1 gene expression and virus production.
  • Targeting the TAR element's apical portion appeared to promote dimerization.

Conclusions:

  • ODNs are effective molecular tools for functional characterization of viral RNA structural domains.
  • Targeting conserved structural elements in the HIV-1 5' UTR leads to potent inhibition of viral replication.
  • Conserved structural RNA elements represent viable targets for developing novel antiviral therapies against HIV-1.