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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids01:02

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.
Fats as Energy Storage Molecules01:06

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis directly...
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
Pyruvate Oxidation01:15

Pyruvate Oxidation

After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
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Carbohydrate Catabolism01:30

Carbohydrate Catabolism

Carbohydrate catabolism is a fundamental process in cellular metabolism that enables energy extraction from glucose through two primary pathways: cellular respiration and fermentation. Both pathways begin with glycolysis, which operates independently of oxygen availability.Glycolysis: A Shared Starting PointGlycolysis is an oxygen-independent process that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. During this process, a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules is...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Quantitative Determination of De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Brown Adipose Tissue Using Deuterium Oxide
07:34

Quantitative Determination of De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Brown Adipose Tissue Using Deuterium Oxide

Published on: May 12, 2023

Protein carbonylation and adipocyte mitochondrial function.

Jessica M Curtis1, Wendy S Hahn, Matthew D Stone

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, USA.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|July 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein carbonylation, a modification by lipid peroxidation products, impairs mitochondrial function in adipocytes. This dysfunction is linked to metabolic issues and insulin resistance.

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Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
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Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
08:34

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Published on: June 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Disease

Background:

  • Protein carbonylation, a modification by lipid peroxidation end products, affects cysteine, histidine, and lysine residues.
  • In adipose tissue, carbonylation is linked to oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation, particularly in mitochondrial energy metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of protein carbonylation in mitochondrial dysfunction pathogenesis.
  • To identify specific protein targets of carbonylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes using quantitative proteomics.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative proteomics was used to identify carbonylation targets in GSTA4-silenced or overexpressing 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
  • Mitochondrial function was assessed by measuring complex I activity, respiration, superoxide production, and membrane potential.

Main Results:

  • GSTA4-silenced adipocytes showed increased carbonylation of key mitochondrial proteins (e.g., phosphate carrier, NADH dehydrogenase subcomplexes).
  • Elevated carbonylation correlated with diminished complex I activity, impaired respiration, increased superoxide production, and reduced membrane potential.
  • Silencing of specific carbonylated proteins (phosphate carrier, NADH dehydrogenase subcomplexes) decreased cellular respiration.

Conclusions:

  • Protein carbonylation plays a key role in cytokine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes.
  • This mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the development of insulin resistance.