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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Viability Assays for Cells in Culture
12:03

Viability Assays for Cells in Culture

Published on: January 20, 2014

Cell viability assessment: toward content-rich platforms.

Christina Nicole Ramirez1, Christophe Antczak, Hakim Djaballah

  • 1HTS Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, NY 10065, USA.

Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery
|July 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Traditional cell viability assays are limited for predicting drug toxicity. High-content, multiplexed readouts offer a more accurate method for assessing cell death and improving drug discovery outcomes.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

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10:33

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Published on: May 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Drug discovery
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • In vitro cell viability monitoring is crucial for predicting in vivo drug toxicology.
  • High-throughput screening has advanced compound screening but clinical trial failures persist due to toxicity.
  • Understanding programmed cell death pathways necessitates moving beyond simple endpoint measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review traditional cell viability assays and their limitations.
  • To propose advanced methods for accurate cell death assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of commercially available viability assays suitable for high-density formats.
  • Categorization of assays into dye exclusion, DNA condensation, and metabolic function monitoring.
  • Emphasis on limitations of current approaches through case studies.

Main Results:

  • Current single-parameter readouts are prone to errors due to cell heterogeneity and complex cell death mechanisms.
  • Live, multiplexed readouts are proposed as an alternative for accurate cell death induction recording.

Conclusions:

  • High-content, continuous, multiplexed readouts are essential for simultaneously monitoring multiple cell death markers.
  • Accurate prediction of drug candidate toxicology requires content-rich, cell-by-cell analysis platforms.