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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice
04:36

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Published on: January 12, 2024

Should diabetes retinal screening intervals change?

G P Leese1

  • 1Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK. graham.leese@nhs.net

Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association
|July 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biennial retinal screening may be safe for some patients with Type 2 diabetes, allowing for more targeted screening of high-risk individuals and new technologies. This approach supports efficient resource allocation for diabetic eye disease management.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Diabetology
  • Public Health Screening

Background:

  • Diabetic eye disease progression is often slow.
  • Current screening intervals may be longer than necessary for some patients.
  • Information technology enables sophisticated call-recall systems for screening programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evidence for biennial (2-yearly) retinal screening in Type 2 diabetes patients with <10 years duration.
  • To assess the potential for optimizing screening capacity and resource allocation.
  • To consider the integration of advanced screening technologies and targeted interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current evidence on the natural history of diabetic eye disease.
  • Analysis of the capabilities of modern IT-based call-recall systems.
  • Discussion of potential benefits and challenges of adjusting screening frequency.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests 2-yearly screening may be safe for certain diabetic patients.
  • Adjusted screening intervals can free up resources for high-risk individuals.
  • Potential to incorporate new screening methods like optical coherence tomography.

Conclusions:

  • A move towards biennial retinal screening for select Type 2 diabetes patients is supported by evidence.
  • This shift allows for personalized screening strategies and better management of diabetic eye disease.
  • A UK-wide group is evaluating these proposed changes to screening protocols.