Cylindrospermopsin determination in water by LC-MS/MS: optimization and validation of the method and application to...

A new method for determining dissolved cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in waters using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with graphitized carbon cartridges and quantification by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry is described and discussed. The method has been suitably validated: the linear range covered is from 0.900 to 125 µg CYN/L. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.5 and 0.9 µg CYN/L, respectively, and allow CYN determination at concentrations below the guideline proposed of 1 µg CYN/L in natural waters. The method exhibits mean recoveries from 83 to 95%, and intermediate precision (relative standard deviation (%)) values from 5 to 12%, ensuring adequacy against the Association of Official Analytical Chemists guidelines. The method is robust against the following three influential factors considered in the cleanup stage: the batch of the graphitized carbon cartridges, the flow rate of the water sample through the cartridge, and the final redissolved water volume after SPE treatment. The method has been successfully applied to detection and quantification of CYN in water samples from aquaria of a toxicological in vivo laboratory experiment.