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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs. “eh”). Phonemes combine to...
Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism
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Published on: October 3, 2018

Differentiating children with and without language impairment based on grammaticality.

Sarita L Eisenberg1, Ling-Yu Guo

  • 1Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA. eisenbergs@mail.montclair.edu

Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
|July 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The percentage grammatical utterance (PGU) measure accurately identifies language impairment in 3-year-olds. PGU is a reliable screening tool, showing higher specificity than other grammaticality measures.

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistic development
  • Child language acquisition
  • Clinical linguistics

Background:

  • Language impairment affects a significant number of children.
  • Accurate diagnostic tools are crucial for early intervention.
  • Assessing grammaticality is a key component in identifying language disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the diagnostic accuracy of percentage grammatical utterance (PGU) with two other grammaticality measures.
  • To evaluate PGU, percentage sentence point (PSP), and percentage verb tense usage (PVT) in differentiating children with and without language impairment.
  • To determine the most effective measure for screening language impairment in young children.

Main Methods:

  • A picture description task was administered to 3-year-olds.
  • Participants included 17 children with language impairment and 17 with typical language development.
  • Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to assess diagnostic accuracy.

Main Results:

  • All three measures (PGU, PSP, PVT) achieved 100% sensitivity.
  • PGU demonstrated a higher specificity (88%) compared to PSP and PVT (82%).
  • PGU exhibited a superior positive likelihood ratio, indicating greater diagnostic power.

Conclusions:

  • PGU, PSP, and PVT are all sensitive indicators of language impairment.
  • PGU is less prone to misclassifying children with typical language development.
  • The high diagnostic accuracy of PGU makes it a suitable measure for screening language impairment.