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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid hormone status in apparently healthy elderly persons.

B Sen¹, G K Paul, M M Rahman

¹Department of Biochemistry, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ

|July 26, 2012

Summary

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels significantly differ between young and elderly males and females. However, serum T3 and T4 concentrations showed no significant age-related differences in this study population.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Geriatrics
Clinical Chemistry

Background:

Thyroid disorders are common in the elderly but present atypically, often mimicking aging symptoms.
Interpreting thyroid function tests in older adults is challenging due to age-related physiological changes and non-thyroidal illnesses.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate age-related differences in thyroid function tests among apparently healthy young adults and elderly individuals.
To compare serum concentrations of Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) between age groups and sexes.

Main Methods:

A study involving 100 subjects: 50 young adults (control) and 50 elderly subjects (case).
Subjects were categorized by age and sex: young males (n=25), young females (n=25), elderly males (n=25), and elderly females (n=25).
Serum T3, T4, and TSH levels were measured and compared between the control and case groups, and within subgroups.

Main Results:

No significant difference in mean serum T3 concentration between young and elderly subjects (p>0.05).
No significant difference in mean serum T4 concentration between young females and elderly females (p>0.05).
Significant differences in mean serum TSH concentration were found between young males and elderly males (p<0.001), and between young females and elderly females (p<0.001).

Conclusions:

Serum TSH levels show significant age-related differences in both males and females.
Serum T3 and T4 levels do not appear to be significantly affected by age in apparently healthy individuals.
These findings highlight the importance of age-specific reference ranges for TSH in elderly populations.