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Related Concept Videos

Bipolar Disorder01:30

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Differential executive functioning performance by phase of bipolar disorder.

Kelly A Ryan1, Aaron C Vederman, E Michelle McFadden

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA. karyan@umich.edu

Bipolar Disorders
|July 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bipolar disorder (BD) patients show distinct executive function deficits based on illness phase. Active phases (hypomanic/mixed and depressed) significantly impair processing speed and verbal fluency compared to healthy controls.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Executive functioning deficits are common in bipolar disorder (BD).
  • Understanding how illness phase impacts cognition is crucial for targeted interventions.
  • Previous research indicates cognitive impairments in BD, but phase-specific effects require further clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of different illness phases in bipolar disorder on executive functioning.
  • To analyze performance across various executive function domains using factor-derived cognitive scores.
  • To differentiate cognitive profiles associated with euthymic, depressed, and hypomanic/mixed phases of BD.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study comparing healthy controls (HC) with euthymic (E-BD), depressed (D-BD), and hypomanic/mixed (HM/M-BD) bipolar disorder patients.
  • Utilized a battery of executive functioning tests including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency, Go/No-Go, Stroop, and Digit Symbol.
  • Derived four factor scores: Conceptual Reasoning and Set-Shifting (CRSS), Processing Speed with Interference Resolution (PSIR), Verbal Fluency and Processing Speed (VFPS), and Inhibitory Control (IC).

Main Results:

  • Two executive functioning factors, Inhibitory Control (IC) and Verbal Fluency and Processing Speed (VFPS), differed significantly based on illness phase.
  • The hypomanic/mixed (HM/M-BD) group exhibited significantly worse Inhibitory Control (IC) compared to other BD groups and HC.
  • The HM/M-BD and depressed (D-BD) groups showed impaired Verbal Fluency and Processing Speed (VFPS) compared to HC, indicating sensitivity to active BD phases.
  • Processing Speed with Interference Resolution (PSIR) and Conceptual Reasoning and Set-Shifting (CRSS) factors were impaired in BD patients irrespective of illness phase.

Conclusions:

  • Illness phase significantly influences specific executive functioning profiles in bipolar disorder.
  • Factor scores for executive functions provide valuable insights into cognitive deficits across BD phases.
  • These findings may help in identifying intermediate phenotypes and guiding treatment strategies in bipolar disorder.