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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Testosterone: Functions and Regulation

Testosterone: Functions and Regulation

The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

Thyroid hormones and male sexual function.

G Corona¹, F C W Wu, G Forti

¹Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

International Journal of Andrology

|July 28, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones significantly impact erectile function. Overt hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism, is linked to severe erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. Evaluate thyroid function in hyperthyroid patients with ED.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Men's Health
Sexual Medicine

Background:

The relationship between thyroid hormones and erectile function is not well-understood.
Thyroid dysfunction can affect various bodily systems, potentially impacting sexual health.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between thyroid function and erectile dysfunction (ED) in two distinct male cohorts.
To determine if thyroid hormone levels influence the risk and severity of ED.

Main Methods:

Analysis of data from the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) and a cohort from the University of Florence (UNIFI).
Measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels.
Nested case-control analyses were performed to confirm associations.

Main Results:

Suppressed TSH levels were associated with erectile dysfunction in both cohorts.
Overt hyperthyroidism significantly increased the risk of severe ED (HR=14-16, p<0.05) after adjusting for confounders.
No association was found between primary hypothyroidism and ED.

Conclusions:

Erectile function assessment is recommended for individuals with hyperthyroidism.
Routine thyroid function testing in all ED patients is not advised based on these findings.