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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

Overview
Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm
11:12

Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm

Published on: April 12, 2017

A cross-species view on viruses.

Sara L Sawyer1, Nels C Elde

  • 1Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. saras@austin.utexas.edu

Current Opinion in Virology
|July 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Virologists use cross-species infections to study virus-host interactions. This approach reveals insights into immunity, viral defenses, and host-pathogen evolution.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Viruses typically exhibit strong adaptation to their natural hosts.
  • Understanding virus-host interactions is crucial for predicting and controlling viral diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore innovative experimental cross-species infection strategies in virology.
  • To highlight how these approaches illuminate fundamental aspects of virus-host dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing experimental infections of viruses with non-natural hosts (animals, cell lines, genes).
  • Analyzing outcomes to understand molecular and evolutionary mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Cross-species infections provide unique insights into host innate immune responses.

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Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm
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Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm

Published on: April 12, 2017

Environmental Sampling of Photosynthetic Microbes and Their Viruses: From Field to Lab
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Environmental Sampling of Photosynthetic Microbes and Their Viruses: From Field to Lab

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Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
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Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

  • These studies reveal viral strategies to overcome foreign host defenses.
  • The evolutionary pressures and adaptations at the virus-host interface are elucidated.
  • Conclusions:

    • Experimental cross-species infections are powerful tools for dissecting virus-host interactions.
    • This methodology advances our understanding of viral pathogenesis, immunity, and evolution.