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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations01:21

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations

Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in an aqueous solution in the presence of a common ion, one must consider all the equilibria in this solution. Calculations for these systems can be complicated and tedious, so a systematic approach with a series of steps is often helpful. The process is detailed below.
The first step is to identify all the chemical reactions involved, The...
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations02:05

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
A more...
Complexation Equilibria: Overview01:23

Complexation Equilibria: Overview

Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these reactions are called coordination compounds. The number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands is called its coordination number. Generally, most metal ions in an aqueous solution are solvated by water molecules and thus exist as aqua complexes.
The equilibrium constant of the complexation reaction is represented as the formation constant...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
Calculating the Equilibrium Constant02:46

Calculating the Equilibrium Constant

The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Monitoring ER/SR Calcium Release with the Targeted Ca2+ Sensor CatchER+
12:30

Monitoring ER/SR Calcium Release with the Targeted Ca2+ Sensor CatchER+

Published on: May 19, 2017

A calculation model for serum ionized calcium based on an equilibrium equation for complexation.

Susumu Takano1, Hiroshi Kaji, Fujio Hayashi

  • 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.

Analytical Chemistry Insights
|July 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new calculation method to accurately determine ionized calcium levels in serum. This approach is as effective as traditional electrode methods for clinical diagnoses.

Keywords:
acid dissociation constantequationequilibrium constantionized calciumstability constant

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Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry
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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

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Expression of Cementitious Pore Solution and the Analysis of Its Chemical Composition and Resistivity Using X-ray Fluorescence
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Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry
10:24

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

Published on: October 28, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Ionized calcium measurement is critical for serum analysis.
  • Existing methods for ionized calcium determination can be complex or costly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel calculation method for determining serum ionized calcium concentrations.
  • To provide a clinically useful and accurate alternative to existing measurement techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Derived equations from complexation and acid dissociation equilibrium.
  • Calculated ionized calcium using serum concentrations of total calcium, albumin, total protein, and inorganic phosphate.
  • Validated the method against the calcium-ion-selective electrode method.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a high correlation coefficient (0.953) between the developed method and the electrode method.
  • Established a linear regression equation (y = 0.97x) at pH 7.4.
  • Demonstrated the method's accuracy and utility in both healthy subjects and patients with abnormal calcium levels.

Conclusions:

  • The developed calculation method provides an accurate and useful tool for clinical diagnosis of ionized calcium levels.
  • This approach offers a viable and effective alternative to traditional calcium-ion-selective electrode methods.
  • The method's reliance on commonly measured serum analytes enhances its clinical applicability.