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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
07:45

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

Geriatric thyroidology: An update.

T P Ajish1, R V Jayakumar

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|July 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid function and structure change with aging, increasing risks of nodules and hormonal imbalances like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in older adults. Individualized treatment is crucial, especially for sensitive elderly patients, to manage thyroid conditions effectively.

Keywords:
Elderlyhyperthyroidismhypothyroidismsubclinicalthyroid nodules

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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
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Published on: February 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Aging leads to thyroid gland fibrosis and atrophy, altering thyroid hormone levels.
  • The incidence of thyroid nodules and tumors increases with age in the elderly population.
  • Thyroid dysfunction, particularly hypothyroidism, is common in older adults and linked to significant morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review age-related changes in thyroid anatomy and physiology.
  • To discuss the diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders in the elderly.
  • To highlight the increased risk and specific considerations for thyroid malignancy in older individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of age-related thyroid changes.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on thyroid nodules and tumors in the elderly.
  • Synthesis of current clinical guidelines for managing thyroid dysfunction in older patients.

Main Results:

  • Elderly individuals experience physiological thyroid changes, increasing nodule prevalence.
  • Hypothyroidism is common and requires careful, individualized treatment due to sensitivity.
  • Hyperthyroidism, though less common, carries cardiac risks; radioiodine therapy is a safe option.
  • Thyroid tumors in the elderly are often advanced, necessitating aggressive management.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related thyroid changes necessitate tailored management strategies for thyroid disorders in the elderly.
  • Individualized treatment of hypothyroidism and careful consideration of hyperthyroidism are vital for elderly patient outcomes.
  • Early detection and aggressive management of thyroid malignancy are recommended in older adults.