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Updated: May 20, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
Published on: July 30, 2017
N-Heterocyclic carbene transition metal complexes for catalysis in aqueous media
Heriberto Diaz Velazquez1, Francis Verpoort
1Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Abstract:
The last decade has seen an increasing number of reports on the use of NHC-metal complexes for catalysis in water, therefore this review is aimed to introduce the whole research on this area, in which the use of water or aqueous/organic media is to be applied. Since the first discovery of the NHC carbenes by Arduengo, work on the synthesis of NHC-metal organometallic compounds has revolutionized the field of catalysis, gradually displacing the typical phosphine and amine-type ligands in view of their higher stability and reactivity. Aqueous catalysis has become a hot topic in Green Chemistry due to the positive implications for the use of water as reaction media.
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