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Updated: May 20, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
Published on: August 4, 2021
A panoramic view to relationships between reproductive failure and immunological factors
Arif Kokcu1, Erhan Yavuz, Handan Celik
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Kurupelit, 55139 Samsun, Turkey. arifkokcu@yahoo.com
Purpose:
To examine the possible roles of various immunological factors in recurrent miscarriage and unexplained infertility.
Methods:
The synthesis and review of the relevant current literature in English language.
Results:
Substantial evidence suggests that antiphospholipid antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, antisperm antibodies, antithyroid antibodies, anti-endometrial antibodies, antiovarian antibodies, anti-C trachomatis antibodies, cytokines, and immunological events in endometriosis and premature ovarian failure due to immunologic factors may contribute to reproductive failure including unexplained infertility and/or non-chromosomal recurrent miscarriage.
Conclusions:
Elimination or suppression of the immunological factors related with reproductive failure might occupy an important place in the treatment of unexplained infertility and non-chromosomal recurrent miscarriage.
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