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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants
04:47

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Published on: September 18, 2018

Odor recognition memory: two encoding trials are better than one.

Lauren A Nguyen1, Beth A Ober, Gregory K Shenaut

  • 1Department of Human and Community Development, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Chemical Senses
|July 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Encoding odors twice significantly improves recognition memory compared to a single encoding. This suggests that repeated exposure enhances olfactory memory performance in adults.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory Perception

Background:

  • Recognition memory is crucial for daily life.
  • Olfactory stimuli present unique challenges and opportunities for memory research.
  • Understanding encoding effects is key to optimizing memory recall.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of one versus two encoding trials on olfactory recognition memory.
  • To compare memory performance for odors encoded once versus twice.
  • To examine the influence of odor familiarity and pleasantness on recognition memory.

Main Methods:

  • A yes/no recognition memory paradigm was employed with 24 young adults.
  • Participants rated 18 microencapsulated odor targets for familiarity or pleasantness across one or two encoding blocks.
  • A distractor task preceded the recognition test with novel odor foils.

Main Results:

  • Twice-encoded odor targets showed superior recognition memory compared to once-encoded targets.
  • Odor pleasantness and familiarity influenced recognition, with less pleasant and less familiar odors recognized better.
  • The benefit of a second encoding trial was more pronounced for less pleasant or familiar odors.

Conclusions:

  • Repeated encoding trials enhance olfactory recognition memory.
  • Odor characteristics like pleasantness and familiarity modulate memory performance.
  • Findings suggest that multiple exposures are critical for robust olfactory memory formation.