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Updated: May 20, 2026

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis
Published on: September 18, 2013
Enhanced expression of peroxisome proliferate-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) in advanced prostate cancer
Sebastian Rogenhofer1, Jörg Ellinger, Philip Kahl
1Department of Urology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
Background:
Recent studies have underlined the role of nuclear receptors in the involvement of prostate cancer signalling pathways.
Patients And Methods:
A total of 84 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), 84 low risk prostate cancer (LPC) and 64 advanced disease (APC) cases were sampled on a tissue microarray (TMA) and stained for retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-α, retionoid X receptor (RXR)-α, liver X receptor (LXR)-α, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and proliferate-activated receptor gamma (PPAR)-γ and the (pro)-inflammatory molecules cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunohistochemically.
Results:
PPAR-γ expression in APC tissues was found to be significantly higher than that in LPC and BPH specimens (p<0.001). In contrast, RXR-a expression was significantly lower (p<0.001). COX2 staining demonstrated a trend towards overexpression in APC (p=0.025). No significant differences were found for RAR-α, iNOS and TNF-α expression. Staining of FXR and LXR was seen diffusely in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus, preventing sufficient evaluation by definition.
Conclusion:
This study provides the basis for applying PPAR-γ ligands clinically in treatment of APC.
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